Pakistan, who had been 51-2 in their second innings, lost four wickets for 25 runs on the way to being dismissed for just 135.
England pacemen Josh Tongue and Ollie Robinson, who took all 10 wickets between them in Pakistan's meagre first-innings 171, once again did plenty of damage after express quick Jofra Archer removed both openers.
The trio took three wickets apiece on Friday as England posted their seventh successive Test victory at Headingley - their longest sequence of wins at any home venue.
Recalled seamer Robinson was named player of the match for his overall figures of 8-80, while Tongue finished with 8-89.
"It's a great way to start," said Robinson, who took a wicket with the very first ball of the match, at the presentation ceremony.
"That's my job, I suppose, setting the tone and to get a wicket first ball is a great feeling."
He added: "It was nipping both ways and I knew if I could control my length and my line I was in the game."
A comprehensive win with more than two days remaining at his Yorkshire home ground was an ideal way for Joe Root to begin his second stint as full-time England Test captain.
Former skipper Ben Stokes retired from international duty after a series loss at home to New Zealand in June, shortly before Brendon McCullum was sacked as red-ball coach.
'Outstanding'
This was just England's third win in 11 Tests, albeit one achieved against a weak Pakistan side.
"You look at the prep we had leading in, coming straight from The Hundred, the fact we're in a slight transition stage, but I thought the way that we dealt with all of that, the clarity and the way the guys approached this week has been outstanding," said Root.
Pakistan stand-in captain Salman Ali Agha accepted his side had been well beaten, telling the BBC: "England have outplayed us."
Agha, leading the side in place of the injured Babar Azam, added: "In batting and bowling, we weren't consistent enough."
England, 366-8 overnight, posted 409 for a huge first-innings lead of 238.
Harry Brook (91), Jordan Cox (73), Root (66) and the recalled Dan Lawrence (51) all made fifties on Thursday.
Pakistan left-arm spinner Ali Usman's 5-95 - his maiden five-wicket haul in Test cricket - was a rare highlight for the tourists.
For the second time in the match, Pakistan were 0-1 on Friday when Archer dismissed Imam-ul-Haq for a duck as the left-hander, trying to evade a short delivery, gloved the ball to wicket-keeper Jamie Smith.
Azan Awais, out for a golden duck in the first innings, had made nine when he clipped Archer straight to Root at the rarely used position of leg slip.
It was something of a tactical coup for Root, like Brook playing in front of his home crowd, with Pakistan now 13-2.
Abdullah Shafique's 61 had been the standout display in Pakistan's first innings. But he could only manage 15 before he edged a full-length ball from Robinson to Brook at second slip.
Pakistan were 59-3 at lunch, but they soon found themselves 76-6 following a triple strike from Tongue that included two wickets in an over.
Shan Masood, a former Yorkshire batsman used to playing at Headingley, nicked Tongue to first slip for 29 and, four balls later, Pakistan were 76-6 when Agha was lbw to the fast bowler.
Mohammad Rizwan briefly kept England at bay with 41 - the top score of the innings - at better than a run-a-ball before he was bowled by Gus Atkinson to leave Pakistan on the brink of defeat at 131-9.
The match - Pakistan's ninth defeat in their last 10 Tests away from home - ended when Mohammad Abbas holed out off Archer.
Pakistan must regroup quickly as the second Test at Lord's starts on Thursday.
"We'll have two days off, then go to Lord's and sit down and think about what mistakes we made and what we can think about in the next game," said Agha.
"We'll come back stronger."