Kane had a stunning season with Bayern Munich and England, scoring 73 goals for club and country in 65 matches and helped secure a treble of the Bundesliga, German Cup, and German Super Cup, as well as leading his nation to the World Cup semi-finals.
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Haaland netted 58 goals in 64 games for Manchester City and Norway, while eight-time Ballon d'Or winner Messi had 75 goal contributions in 49 matches for Inter Miami and Argentina, who he helped to reach the World Cup final.
Also among those on the shortlist are Jude Bellingham, Kylian Mbappe, Ousmane Dembele and Lamine Yamal, but not five-time winner Cristiano Ronaldo, despite the Portugal forward lifting the Saudi Pro League title with Al Nassr.
The women's shortlist includes Poland's Barcelona quadruple-winner Ewa Pajor, Alexia Putellas, who featured for Barca and Spain but has now joined London City Lionesses, and Manchester City's prolific Jamaica striker Khadija 'Bunny' Shaw.
Vozinha among Yashin nominees
Cape Verde's Vozinha was nominated for the Yashin Trophy awarded to the best goalkeeper, with his standout World Cup performances putting him on the 10-man shortlist after he helped his country advance from the tournament's group stage.
He will compete against Spain's World Cup-winner Unai Simon and Argentina's Emi Martinez, plus fellow African nominees Yassine Bounou and Edouard Mendy.
The 70th edition of the Ballon d'Or will be staged in London for the first time at a ceremony on October 26th as a tribute to Stanley Matthews, who won the first Ballon d'Or.